(1950); John Stanley's introduction to the translation of The Illusions of Progress by him and Charlotte Stanley (1969); and Stanley's introduction to his collection From Georges Sorel: Essays in Socialism and Philosophy (1987). This last contains excerpts from some of Sorel's less familiar works, including The Trial of Socrates (1889), "The Socialist Future of the Syndicates" (1898), and "Critical Essays on Marxism" (1898). Horowitz's Radicalism and the Revolt against Reason contains a translation of The Decomposition of Marxism (1908), the third of Sorel's three major works, along with The Illusions of Progress (1906) and Reflections on Violence (1908).

My analysis of guild socialism rests principally on several works by G. D. H. Cole: The World of Labour (1913); Guild Socialism Re-stated (1920); The Next Ten Years in British Social and Economic Policy (1929); Socialist Control of Industry (1933); Europe, Russia, and the Future (1942); and The History of Socialist Thought (1953-60). A. W. Wright, G. D. H. Cole and Socialist Democracy (1979), is far more helpful than Luther P. Carpenter, G. D. H. Cole: An Intellectual Biography (1973). Works by other guild socialists include S. G. Hobson, National Guilds: An Inquiry into the Wage System and the Way Out (1919); A. R. Orage, Political and Economic Writings (1936); Arthur Penty, Guilds, Trade, and Agriculture (1921); and G. R. S. Taylor, The Guild State (1919). See also Bertrand Russell, Proposed Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism, and Syndicalism (1919). On British socialism and social democracy, see, among other works, E. P. Thompson, William Morris (1955); Willard Wolfe, From Radicalism to Socialism: Men and Ideas in the Formation of Fabian Socialist Doctrines (1975); Norman and Jeanne MacKenzie, The Fabians (1977) and H. G. Wells (1973).

In comparing syndicalism in France with the American version, I have relied on the sources already cited in chapter 7 and on Val R. Lorwin, The French Labor Movement (1954); F. F. Ridley, Revolutionary Syndicalism in France (1970); and Peter N. Steams, Revolutionary Syndicalism and French Labor (1971). The critique of syndicalism formulated by American progressives, social democrats, and revolutionary socialists can be reconstructed from John Graham Brooks, American Syndicalism: The IWW (1913); John Spargo, Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism and Socialism (1913); William English Walling, Socialism as It Is (1912) and Progressivism—and After (1914); and Bertram Benedict, The Larger Socialism (1921). Brisbane's statement about the distribution of wealth is quoted in Walling, Socialism. On this issue, see also Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch, The City Worker's World (1917). For an analysis of the IWW that distinguishes its program from syndicalism, see Earl C. Ford and William Z. Foster, Syndicalism (1913). There is no good study of Foster, least of all one that deals in any depth with his syndicalist phase. Arthur Zipser, Workingclass Giant: The Life of William Z. Foster (1981), does not fill the bill. Foster's later career can be followed in Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism (1957), and Maurice Isserman, Which Side Were You On? The American Communist Party during the Second World War (1982).

Joseph R. Conlin, Big Bill Haywood and the Radical Union Movement (1969), and

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